When discussing graphene, we must initially state the natural mineral graphite that is widely present in our daily life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are closely linked, yet the mix of carbon atoms in between various layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a mild press, the cards will move apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer kind covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to 3 other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms develop a normal hexagonal ring on the very same airplane, stretching to form a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, after that graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite consists of regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel off a single layer framework.
More than two decades back, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there need to be a means to obtain a solitary layer of graphite.
Exactly how can a single layer of graphite be peeled? Scientists took a really “easy and crude” technique – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we create a typo theoretically, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers strongly associate that if tape can stick to the surface of paper, can it likewise stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided right into two. Although the density of graphite right now is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have actually validated the usefulness of this technique – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite comes to be thinner. By insisting on utilizing this “mechanical peeling method” to duplicate the operation, they lastly acquired a slim sheet consisting of just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this approach of repeatedly exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has low production efficiency and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the renovation of clinical and technological levels, the prep work technique of graphene has likewise made fantastic progression. Currently, along with this typical physical and mechanical exfoliation approach, there are additionally lots of approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox approach, solvent exfoliation approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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